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In a soil specimen, the total stress, effective stress, hydraulic gradient and critical hydraulic gradient are $\sigma, \: \sigma’$, $i$ and $i_c$, respectively. For initiation of quicksand condition, which one of the following statements is TRUE?

  1. $\sigma’ \neq 0$ and $i=i_c$
  2. $\sigma’ = 0$ and $i=i_c$
  3. $\sigma’ \neq 0$ and $i \neq i_c$
  4. $\sigma = 0$ and $i=i_c$
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